nuclear receptor raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
This page was last updated on 2026-07-25 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal name |
| Common form | Crystalline powder | Supplied in milligram to gram quantities |
| Long-term storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Reduces degradation |
| Detection technique | LC-MS/MS | Common in anti-doping and research analysis |
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport by WADA | Not approved for human therapeutic use |
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
===== Magee-Womens Hospital - UPMC Hamot Campus ===== UPMC Hamot Women's Hospital is a five-story, 165,000 square-foot, 93-bed stand-alone hospital that opened in 2011. The hospital houses obstetrics, neonatology, and gynecology specialities of UPMC Hamot and includes a Level III neonatal intensive care unit. As of October 2013, it also houses the Pediatrics wing of UPMC Hamot.
Madak was a blend of opium and tobacco used as a recreational drug in 16th- and 17th-century China. It emerged in southern coastal areas in the first half of the 17th century. In the last quarter of the 18th century madak was phased out by raw opium. The prohibition of madak in 1729 may have been a contributing factor to the increase in popularity of smoking pure opium. Raw opium was introduced in China by Arab merchants. Rather than taking bitter raw opium orally, the Chinese attempted smoking opium mixed with other substances. According to Dikotter et al., smoking opium blended with tobacco was introduced in China by the Dutch traders between 1624 and 1660. Madak was prepared by blending opium from Java with domestic Chinese hemp and herbs, boiling the mix in pans and, finally, mixing with tobacco. It was smoked in bamboo pipes with coir fibre filter. The new addiction was limited to coastal territories around Taiwan Strait; further spread was hampered by the civil war that accompanied the fall of the Ming Dynasty. The new Qing Dynasty government was not aware of madak until 1683. The lucrative opium business continued spreading along the coast of Southern China, although exact chronology of this spread remains unknown. By 1720 the government saw madak smoking as a social evil that has corrupted not just the lowest classes, but the "good families" too. Smoking dens, where people congregated at night, were deemed as dangerous as heretical cults and political conspiracies. In 1729 the Yongzheng Emperor banned recreational smoking of madak. Medicinal use remained permitted.
The short-duration response is related to the half-life of the drug. The longer-duration response depends on the accumulation of effects over at least two weeks, during which ΔFosB accumulates in nigrostriatal neurons. In the treatment of Parkinson's disease, this response stays stable up to 10 years.
== Further reading == Griesemer RL (25 July 2008). Index of Central Obesity as a Parameter to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome for White, Black, and Hispanic Adults in the United States (Master's thesis). Public Health Theses, Georgia State University. doi:10.57709/1062268. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2011. Lee K, Song YM, Sung J (April 2008). "Which obesity indicators are better predictors of metabolic risk?: healthy twin study". Obesity. 16 (4): 834–40. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.109. PMID 18239595. S2CID 1633972. Shao J, Yu L, Shen X, Li D, Wang K (November 2010). "Waist-to-height ratio, an optimal predictor for obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults". The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 14 (9): 782–5. doi:10.1007/s12603-010-0106-x. PMID 21085910. S2CID 11187741. Pant S (31 October 2025). "Normal BMI With Abdominal Obesity Associated With Cardiometabolic Risks". JAMA (Medical News in Brief). 334 (16): 1875. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.17532. PMID 41171291.
In contrast to counter current chromatography (see above), periodic counter-current chromatography (PCC) uses a solid stationary phase and only a liquid mobile phase. It thus is much more similar to conventional affinity chromatography than to counter current chromatography. PCC uses multiple columns, which during the loading phase are connected in line. This mode allows for overloading the first column in this series without losing product, which already breaks through the column before the resin is fully saturated. The breakthrough product is captured on the subsequent column(s). In a next step the columns are disconnected from one another. The first column is washed and eluted, while the other column(s) are still being loaded. Once the (initially) first column is re-equilibrated, it is re-introduced to the loading stream, but as last column. The process then continues in a cyclic fashion.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Career == In 1999, Sherrill joined the faculty of the school of chemistry and biochemistry at Georgia Tech. He joined the school of computational science and engineering as a joint faculty member in 2006. He became associate director of Georgia Tech's Institute for Data Engineering and Science (IDEaS) in 2017. He has been an associate editor of The Journal of Chemical Physics since 2009.
Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using electric and magnetic fields. In a mass spectrometer, a small amount of sample is ionized and converted to gaseous ions, where they are separated and analyzed according to their mass-to-charge ratios. There are several ionization methods: electron ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, fast atom bombardment, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and others. Also, mass spectrometry is categorized by approaches of mass analyzers: magnetic-sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, quadrupole ion trap, time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and so on.
=== Sevilla === 777 Partners' first investment in soccer was to purchase a minority stake in Spanish La Liga club Sevilla FC in 2018. In 2020, it elevated its share to 7.5%. 777 does not legally own shares in Sevilla as its involvement is as the owner of a group called Sevillistas Unidos S.L.. The latter organization has denounced 777 for listing Sevilla as one of "Our Portfolio Brands" on its website. Sevilla had been identified by 777 Partners as an opportunity for investment due to their focus on buying and selling players under sporting director Monchi. Their investment had been greeted with suspicion due to the club's history of being owned by local dynasties. 777 Partners' investment around Sevilla was allegedly funded in part by a loan from Oleg Boyko, a Russian businessman sanctioned by several countries for reported connections to the Russian state. In 2024, Boyko allegedly demanded 777's shares in Sevilla as collateral for his loan.
Costa declined to identify countries or banks that may have received any drug money, saying that would be inappropriate because his office is supposed to address the problem, not apportion blame. Though street-level drug sales are widely viewed as lucrative, a study by Sudhir Venkatesh suggested that many low-level employees receive low wages. In a study he made in the 1990s working closely with members of the Black Gangster Disciple Nation in Chicago, he found that one gang (essentially a franchise) consisted of a leader (a college graduate named J.T.), three senior officers, and 25 to 75 street level salesmen ('foot soldiers') depending on season. Selling crack cocaine, they took in approximately $32,000 per month over a six-year period. This was spent as follows: $5,000 to the board of twenty directors of the Black Gangster Disciple Nation, who oversaw 100 such gangs for approximately $500,000 in monthly income. Another $5,000 monthly was paid for cocaine, and $4,000 for other non-wage expenses. J.T. took $8,500 monthly for his own salary. The remaining $9,500 monthly went to pay the employees a $7 per hour wage for officers and a $3.30 per hour wage for foot soldiers. Contrary to a popular image of drug sales as a lucrative profession, many of the employees were living with their mothers by necessity. Despite this, the gang had four times as many unpaid members who dreamed of becoming foot soldiers.
The problem can be overcome by stopping the reaction with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or other strong base, which converts all product into 4-nitrophenoxide; final pH must be > ca. 9.2 to ensure more than 99% of the product is ionised. Alternatively enzyme activity can be measured at 348 nm, the isosbestic point for 4-nitrophenol/4-nitrophenoxide.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Laboratories commonly use liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to detect SR9009. The method can identify the compound and estimate concentration in a sample. Detection limits depend on the matrix and instrument.
Research-grade purity indicates a supplier's measured percentage of the intended compound. It does not guarantee safety, sterility, or suitability for human consumption. Buyers should request a certificate of analysis with chromatograms and test methods.
Sports regulators prohibit SR9009 because it is a non-approved substance with potential performance-altering effects. Its presence can be detected in anti-doping testing. Athletes are responsible for substances found in their samples.
Its legal status depends on the country and intended use. It is not an approved medicine in major jurisdictions. In sport, it is prohibited by anti-doping rules.