research chemical comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2026-08-01. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also referred to as Stenabolic in non-scientific contexts. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Not a steroid or peptide hormone. |
| Receptor target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptor agonist in preclinical studies. |
| Development status | Investigational | No approved human therapeutic indication. |
| Regulatory attention | Prohibited in sport | Listed by anti-doping authorities. |
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually relies on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This approach separates the compound from matrix components and identifies it by mass transitions. Because SR9009 can undergo metabolism, laboratories often look for both parent drug and specific metabolites. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or solid-phase extraction. Method validation examines sensitivity, carryover, and interference from related substances, and reference standards are required for accurate calibration.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
== Early life and education == Wolk grew up in a small town in rural Pennsylvania. She was the first in her family to attend college. She joined Pennsylvania State University as an undergraduate student, where she studied microbiology and clinical laboratory science. After graduating, Wolk trained as a medical technologist in Danville, Pennsylvania. She joined the Geisinger Medical Center, where she was eventually made Head of Clinical Microbiology.
== Exact mass == The exact mass of an isotopic species (more appropriately, the calculated exact mass) is obtained by summing the masses of the individual isotopes of the molecule. For example, the exact mass of water containing two hydrogen-1 (1H) and one oxygen-16 (16O) is 1.0078 + 1.0078 + 15.9949 = 18.0105 Da. The exact mass of heavy water, containing two hydrogen-2 (deuterium or 2H) and one oxygen-16 (16O) is 2.0141 + 2.0141 + 15.9949 = 20.0229 Da. When an exact mass value is given without specifying an isotopic species, it normally refers to the most abundant isotopic species (monoisotopic mass).
=== Pharmacodynamics === Similarly to MDMA, SDMA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and a non-selective serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist. However, SDMA was 11-fold more potent as a serotonin releaser, 19-fold more potent as a dopamine releaser, and 2-fold more potent as a norepinephrine releaser than MDMA in HEK293 cells in vitro. In addition, it was about twice as potent as a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist, whereas it showed similar agonistic potency as MDMA at the serotonin 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors. SDMA had similar activational efficacies at the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors as MDMA. Due to its greater potency as a monoamine releasing agent, SDMA may be active at lower doses or concentrations than MDMA. SDMA produced hyperlocomotion and hyperthermia in rodents with similar profiles as MDMA. However, SDMA did not produce rewarding effects in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm unlike MDMA. Hence, SDMA might have reduced misuse potential compared to MDMA. As with MDMA, SDMA did not produce the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects, in rodents, and hence may not produce hallucinogenic effects in humans. SDMA might be less cardiotoxic than MDMA due to having much greater monoamine-releasing potency but unaltered serotonin 5-HT2B receptor agonistic potency.
== Histopathology == The most common finding of a histopathology is an acidophil adenoma of the pituitary gland, this occurs in most cases. In rare occasions no tumour will be found, however, a proliferation of acidophilic cells will be discovered. Other findings may include adenomatous hyperplasia of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, multinodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortices, multifocal or disseminated nodular hyperplasia of the pancreas with ductal fibrosis, lymphocytic-plasmacytic infiltration, hyalinisation of the islets, and amyloid deposition.
=== Chondrichthyes === The myomeres of some Chondrichthyes, specifically sharks, are W-shaped. Thus, function in Chondrichthyes is similar to that of bony fish, where myomeres contribute to propulsive force for locomotion.
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Industrially, ammonia (NH3) is the most important compound of nitrogen and is prepared in larger amounts than any other compound because it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilisers. It is a colourless alkaline gas with a characteristic pungent smell. The presence of hydrogen bonding has very significant effects on ammonia, conferring on it its high melting (−78 °C) and boiling (−33 °C) points. As a liquid, it is a very good solvent with a high heat of vaporisation (enabling it to be used in vacuum flasks), that also has a low viscosity and electrical conductivity and high dielectric constant, and is less dense than water. However, the hydrogen bonding in NH3 is weaker than that in H2O due to the lower electronegativity of nitrogen compared to oxygen and the presence of only one lone pair in NH3 rather than two in H2O. It is a weak base in aqueous solution (pKb 4.74); its conjugate acid is ammonium, NH+4. It can also act as an extremely weak acid, losing a proton to produce the amide anion, NH−2. It thus undergoes self-dissociation, similar to water, to produce ammonium and amide. Ammonia burns in air or oxygen, though not readily, to produce nitrogen gas; it burns in fluorine with a greenish-yellow flame to give nitrogen trifluoride. Reactions with the other nonmetals are very complex and tend to lead to a mixture of products. Ammonia reacts on heating with metals to give nitrides.
Spanish descendants in the Masonic exile community with lighter skin tones successfully integrated into Miami, but more trouble was faced by those Afrocuban black and mixed-race members living in the Deep South during the era of Racial segregation in the United States. Where Freemasonry in Cuba had allowed black members since 1868, some of the Lodges in the United States did not allow nonwhite members. After escaping to Florida, Tarajano-Gonzalez issued a declaration that any activities of the Grand Lodge of Cuba would be considered "irregular" and "unlawful" according to their own Masonic tradition, and established the Grand Lodge of Cuba in Exile (Spanish: Gran Logia de Cuba En el Exterior), within the territorial jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Florida. They claimed that it was not possible for Freemasonry to exist in a country under a Communist government. They further claimed that the majority of the officers of the Grand Lodge of Cuba had become exiled in the United States. On March 6, 1961, the Grand Lodge in Exile was recognized and granted permission by Edwin Larson, Grand Master of Masons in Florida. On March 15, 1962, the Grand Lodge of Florida proclaimed that they did not recognize any authority of the Freemasons in Cuba, unless those acts were approved by the Grand Master of Masons in Cuba in Exile. In 1963, Grand Master John T. Rose, Jr. of the Grand Lodge of Florida issued an edict which stated their recognition that Grand Master Tarajano-Gonzalez was the only recognized Grand Master of Masons in Cuba.
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This advance enables the enantioselective construction of three-dimensional, sp³-rich molecules used in drug discovery and total synthesis. Sulfonyl hydrazides are commercially available as reagent feedstock.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.
No. It is a small molecule that binds nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation. Its classification differs from anabolic steroids or peptide hormones.
Published human clinical trial data are lacking. Most safety and activity information comes from preclinical models, so effects in people remain uncertain.
The most common approach is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, often after extraction from blood, urine, or tissue. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used mainly for reference material characterization. Isotope-labeled internal standards improve accuracy.