certificate of analysis comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Updated 2026-05-21. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
Quality control for research materials includes identity confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance and purity assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry provides molecular weight confirmation and can detect related impurities. Purchasers should request a certificate of analysis that lists lot-specific data. Online products advertised for human use often lack such documentation. Distinguishing legitimate research material from mislabeled or contaminated samples is a recurring challenge in independent testing, and independent laboratories may use orthogonal methods to verify identity.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small-molecule ligand; not a hormone or peptide |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Unique chemical identifier |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; stenabolic | Stenabolic is informal and not an official name |
| Reported targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors linked to circadian and metabolic regulation |
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
=== No development reported === AB-101 (RJ-101) – topical – alopecia – undefined mechanism of action BRM-421 (GPN-00136, PDSP) – topical – alopecia – cell proliferation stimulant Dimethylcurcumin (ASC-J9, AJ-101) – topical – male pattern baldness – androgen receptor degradation enhancer Lepzacitinib (ATI-1777) – topical – alopecia areata – Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, Janus kinase 3 inhibitor PF-277343 – unspecified – alopecia – undefined mechanism of action Research programme: janus kinase inhibitors - Aclaris Therapeutics/ JAKPharm – unknown – alopecia areata – Janus kinase 3 inhibitors Research programme: skin diseases therapeutics - Quark Pharmaceuticals (QP-AL1; QP-AL2) – unknown – alopecia (chemotherapy-induced) – RNA interference Research programme: stem cell therapeutics - Histostem (Cirrhosis HMScs) – unknown – alopecia – cell replacement Synephrine (AB-102) – topical – alopecia – α1-adrenergic receptor agonist Valproic acid (VPA spray) – topical – male pattern baldness – glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitor, Wnt signalling pathway stimulant
In November 2025, senator Mark Kelly and five other Democratic Congress members participated in a video, telling military personnel to defy "illegal orders". Trump said those in the video were traitors who should be charged with sedition and shared a social media post that called for them to be hanged. The Pentagon announced that Kelly was under investigation after it received "serious allegations of misconduct" in relation to the "illegal orders" video. Puerto Rico governor Jennifer Gonzalez thanked the Trump administration on 9 September 2025 for the "fight against drug cartels in our hemisphere". Susie Wiles, Trump's White House Chief of Staff, said that Trump would "keep on blowing boats up until Maduro cries uncle." Representatives Joaquin Castro and Sara Jacobs released a letter in March 2026 in support of an Inter-American Commission on Human Rights investigation into the legality of the strikes. In November 2025, it was reported that the Committee on Armed Services in the House and Senate had opened inquiries into the strikes. In December 2025, the House reportedly ended its inquiry. The same month, POLITICO reported that the Senate's inquiry was proceeding. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026 conditions pentagon funding on the secretary of defense providing the House and Senate committees unedited video of the strikes. In May 2026, after stalling, the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General opened an investigation.
The International Journal of Mass Spectrometry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of mass spectrometry, including instrumentation and applications in biology, chemistry, geology, and physics. It was established in 1968 as the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics and was renamed International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes in 1983, before obtaining its current title in 1998. It is published by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief are Julia Laskin (Purdue University) and Zheng Ouyang (Tsinghua University).
=== Constituents === Nutmeg consists of 25 to 40% fatty oils or triglycerides (nutmeg butter), 7 to 16% volatile oils, and 45 to 60% pulp or structural components like cellulose. The triglyceride part is mostly trimyristin, but triolein and trilinolein are also found in small amounts. The psychoactive component of nutmeg appears to be the volatile oil component, with most of the rest inactive in animals and humans. It consists 80% of a terpene fraction, 10 to 15% of an aromatic fraction, and the small remainder fatty acids. Turpentine, a fluid made from the resin mainly of pine trees, has a similar composition as the terpene fraction of nutmeg, but has no reputation for producing intoxicating effects. The aromatic fraction of nutmeg consists of a number of allylbenzenes (propenylbenzenes), mainly myristicin, elemicin, and safrole (these three 84–95%), but also including methyleugenol, methylisoeugenol, methoxyeugenol, isoeugenol, eugenol, and isoelemicin. A 20 gram amount of nutmeg contains about 210 mg myristicin, 70 elemicin, 39 mg safrole, as well as 3 to 18 mg each of the other compounds. Myristicin makes up approximately 1.3% of whole nutmeg and about 4 to 13% of the volatile oil fraction. Myristicin and elemicin have been thought to be nutmeg's psychoactive constituents, whereas safrole and the various eugenols seem to be inactive with regard to such effects. Though other nutmeg components are inactive, they might aid in the absorption of the active constituents.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Somatostatin receptor antagonists (or somatostatin inhibitors) are a class of chemical compounds that work by imitating the structure of the neuropeptide somatostatin, which is an endogenous hormone found in the human body. The somatostatin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. Somatostatin receptor subtypes in humans include sstr1, 2A, 2 B, 3, 4, and 5. While normally expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, hypothalamus, and central nervous system (CNS), they are expressed in different types of tumours. The predominant subtype in cancer cells is the ssrt2 subtype, which is expressed in neuroblastomas, meningiomas, medulloblastomas, breast carcinomas, lymphomas, renal cell carcinomas, paragangliomas, small cell lung carcinomas, and hepatocellular carcinomas. As a radiopharmaceutical compound that is selective for somatostatin receptors, there is research being done for these radiolabeled compounds to act as diagnostic tests in PET scans for neuroendocrine tumors and other tumors not previously targeted with radiolabeled somatostatin receptor agonists, and to act as radiopharmaceutical therapeutic compound, more specifically to conduct peptide radionuclide receptor therapy. Some non-radiopharmaceutical compounds that are developed as competitive inhibitors of somatostatin, such as the hormone antagonist cyclosomatostatin.
=== First interplanetary probes === From the early 1960s both Cold War adversaries almost simultaneously initiated their own programmes which sought to reach other planets in the Solar System for the first time; namely Venus and Mars.
People known to be highly allergic may carry around epinephrine (adrenaline) in the form of a self-injectable EpiPen for the treatment of an anaphylactic shock. For people who experience severe or life-threatening reactions to insect stings, allergy injections composed of increasing concentrations of naturally occurring venom may provide protection against future insect stings.
Melamine is mainly used in the chemical industry, but it can also be used in making cakes." Shandong Mingshui Great Chemical Group, the company reported by the New York Times as producing melamine from coal, produces and sells both urea and melamine but does not list melamine resin as a product. Another recall incident in 2007 involved melamine which had been purposely added as a binder to fish and livestock feed manufactured in the United States. This was traced to suppliers in Ohio and Colorado.
== Potential applications == Due to the ability of laccase to catalyze oxidation reactions of a range of substrates, the use of laccase as a biocatalyst in different industrial applications have been investigated. Laccases have been applied in the production of wines. Laccase is produced by a number of fungal species that can infect grapes, most notably Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1794). Laccase is active at wine pH and its activity is not readily suppressed by sulfur dioxide. It has been noted to cause oxidative browning in white wines and loss of colour in red wines. It can also degrade a number of key phenolic compounds critical to wine quality. Aside from wine, laccases are of interest in the food industry, including food packaging. The ability of laccases to modify complex organic molecules has attracted attention in the area of organic synthesis. Laccases have been also been studied as catalysts in bioremediation to degrade emerging pollutants and pharmaceuticals.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Risk assessments for PhIP == There is no dose [of PhIP] without effect. Therefore, a margin of exposure (MOE) based on the benchmark lower confidence limit (BMDL) reference has been developed for PhIP in relation to prostate and mammary carcinomas.
Eventually, his relationship with intelligence agencies in other countries came to light, and his involvement in drug trafficking was investigated further. In 1988, Noriega was indicted by federal grand juries in Miami and Tampa, Florida, on charges of racketeering, drug smuggling, and money laundering. The U.S. launched an invasion of Panama following failed negotiations seeking his resignation and Noriega's annulment of the 1989 Panamanian general election. Noriega was captured and flown to the U.S., where he was tried on the Miami indictment, convicted on most of the charges, and sentenced to 40 years in prison, ultimately serving 17 years after a reduction in his sentence for good behavior. Noriega was extradited to France in 2010, where he was convicted and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment for money laundering. In 2011, France extradited him to Panama, where he was incarcerated for crimes committed during his rule for which he had been tried and convicted in absentia in the 1990s. Diagnosed with a brain tumor in March 2017, Noriega suffered complications during surgery, and died two months later. Noriega's dictatorship was marked by repression of the media, an expansion of the military, and the persecution of political opponents, effectively controlling the outcomes of any elections. He relied upon military nationalism to maintain his support, and did not espouse a specific social or economic ideology. Noriega was known for his complicated relationship with the U.S., and was described as being its ally and adversary simultaneously.
=== Relationships and marriages === While in her late teens, Kidder became pregnant via a boyfriend, who arranged for her to undergo an illegal abortion. While filming 92 in the Shade, Kidder became romantically involved with Thomas McGuane, and in March 1975, relocated with him to Livingston, Montana. She subsequently became pregnant and gave birth to their only child, a daughter, on October 28, 1975. Kidder and McGuane married on August 2, 1976, but the marriage ended in divorce on July 21, 1977. During the marriage, Kidder stated that her self-esteem had faltered significantly, and she found maintaining a career in film to be difficult while residing in Montana. On August 25, 1979, she married actor John Heard, but the couple separated only six days into their marriage. Their divorce was finalized on December 26, 1980. Kidder was romantically linked to Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau in the early 1980s. Kidder married in 1983 French filmmaker Philippe de Broca, who had directed her in Louisiana. Her marriage to de Broca lasted one year, ending in divorce in 1984. Kidder later characterized the marriage as "impulsive, I'm afraid. Not a little irresponsible. We just weren't meant to be married to each other."
=== Drug-drug interactions === Clinafloxacin inhibits multiple CYP450 drug metabolizing enzymes, especially CYP1A2. Clinafloxacin has induced the accumulation of CYP1A2 substrates, including theophylline, at therapeutic doses. This can also affect the metabolism of caffeine, another CYP1A2 substrate. Caffeine consumption must be limited while taking clinafloxacin to prevent caffeine accumulation and overdose. There is also a known interaction of clinafloxacin with phenytoin, resulting in a decrease in the clearance of phenytoin from the body. The increase in INR seen in patients taking both clinafloxacin and the anticoagulant warfarin has yet to be fully elucidated.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.
No. It has no approved medical indication, and human safety and efficacy data are limited. It appears in research chemical markets and is banned by some sports authorities.
Natural ligands include heme and certain metabolites; SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule with higher potency and selectivity in some assays. Its effects depend on cell type and timing. It is not a naturally occurring compound.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is a common approach. It can detect the parent compound and its metabolites in biological matrices.