SR9009 raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-05-09. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also marketed informally as Stenabolic |
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ |
| Molecular formula | C24H30ClN3O4S | Approximate molecular weight 492 g/mol |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Identifier for the parent compound |
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Prohibited in sport by WADA |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
== Analytik == Die zuverlässige qualitative und quantitative Bestimmung von Nervonsäure kann nach angemessener Probenvorbereitung durch Kopplung der Gaschromatographie oder HPLC mit der Massenspektrometrie erfolgen.
Eine Wolke (auf die indogermanische Wurzel *u̯elg- „feucht, nass“ zurückgehend und daher mit dem Adjektiv welk und dem Flussnamen Wolga sprachlich verwandt) ist eine Ansammlung von sehr feinen Wassertröpfchen (Nebel) oder Eiskristallen in der Atmosphäre der Erde. Wolken sind deshalb sichtbar, weil Licht aufgrund der Mie-Streuung gestreut wird, wodurch der Tyndall-Effekt auftritt und die eigentlich farblosen Tröpfchen sichtbar werden. Sie entstehen, driften und vergehen in den Strömungen der irdischen Atmosphäre mit deren in verschiedener Höhe oft unterschiedlichen Stärke und Richtung (Windscherung). Die Wassertröpfchen bilden sich um Kondensationskerne herum, wenn die relative Feuchtigkeit der Luft 100 % geringfügig (um höchstens 1 %) übersteigt. Dies kann entweder durch Abkühlung der Luft beim Aufsteigen (Thermik, Aufgleiten an anderen Luftschichten, am Berghang) oder beim Durchmischen zweier Luftmassen geschehen (Richard Mollier). Beim Kondensieren wird die Kondensationsenthalpie des Wassers frei, welche das Abkühlen bei weiterem Aufsteigen der Luft abschwächt. Dadurch kann die Luft in größere Höhen steigen. Bei ruhiger Luft und wenigen Kondensationskernen kann es zu einer Übersättigung der Luft mit Wasserdampf kommen. Obwohl der relative Wassergehalt dann deutlich mehr als 100 % beträgt, kommt es noch zu keiner Kondensation. Der Wassergehalt muss erst weiter zunehmen, bevor er kondensiert. Bei einer Lufttemperatur unter −10 °C können sich an den Kondensationskernen Eiskristalle (winzige Schneeflocken) durch Resublimation bilden.
Kondensationskerne sind elektrostatisch aufgeladen und haben eine Größe von 1 nm bis 1000 nm. Sie entstehen durch Pilzsporen, Blütenpollen windblütiger Pflanzen, feine Ascheteilchen von den weltweit häufigen Wald- und Steppenbränden, Salzkriställchen der Meeresgischt, private Haushalte, Industrie, Autoabgase, Landwirtschaft und kosmische Strahlung (Beispiel Nebelkammer). Nach Beginn der Kondensation kondensiert immer mehr Wasserdampf an dieser Stelle, bis er zu sichtbaren Nebeltröpfchen wird. In der meteorologischen Systematik werden die Wolken den Hydrometeoren zugerechnet. Wolken finden sich hauptsächlich in der Troposphäre – bei oft unterschiedlicher Bewegungsrichtung in deren verschiedenen „Etagen“; zum Teil auch in der Stratosphäre und Mesosphäre (leuchtende Nachtwolken). Sie unterscheiden sich in ihrer Entstehung, in den Eigenschaften und sind leicht beobachtbare Merkmale der Wetterlage. Durch die richtige Deutung von Form, Aussehen und Höhe sowie die zeitliche Veränderung der Merkmale lassen sich Aussagen zur lokalen Wetterentwicklung treffen. Um Beobachtungen übertragen zu können, werden Wolken klassifiziert. In der Praxis ist vor allem die Einteilung in Wolkengattungen und -arten von Bedeutung. In den meisten Gebieten treten bestimmte Wolkenarten gehäuft auf, besonders bei gleichartigen Wetterlagen. Dennoch können nahezu an allen Stellen der Erde sämtliche Wolkenformen vorkommen. Die Klassifikation der Wolken regelt die Weltorganisation für Meteorologie, deshalb ist diese international einheitlich.
Neben ihren optischen Eigenschaften, ihrer Entwicklung und Schönheit (die schon immer die Phantasie der Menschen angeregt hat) sind Wolken bei zahlreichen Fragen in der Wissenschaft wichtig. Dies gilt insbesondere für den Strahlungshaushalt der Erde, die Niederschlagsverteilung und die Atmosphärenchemie.
Sources: de.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 has not been approved as a therapeutic drug in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Human safety and efficacy data are very limited. Its presence in consumer products does not imply regulatory approval.
The World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance because it can alter gene expression and metabolic pathways relevant to performance. The ban applies at all times, not only during competition. Detection relies on laboratory methods such as mass spectrometry.
No. It is an investigational compound without approved therapeutic indications. It is sold for research purposes only in many jurisdictions.