This is a working overview of REV-ERB agonist, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-08-01 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
Quality control for research materials includes identity confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance and purity assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry provides molecular weight confirmation and can detect related impurities. Purchasers should request a certificate of analysis that lists lot-specific data. Online products advertised for human use often lack such documentation. Distinguishing legitimate research material from mislabeled or contaminated samples is a recurring challenge in independent testing, and independent laboratories may use orthogonal methods to verify identity.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also marketed informally as Stenabolic |
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ |
| Molecular formula | C24H30ClN3O4S | Approximate molecular weight 492 g/mol |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Identifier for the parent compound |
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Prohibited in sport by WADA |
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
=== Czech Centre for Phenogenomics === Generates and analyzes genetically modified mouse models using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Conducts phenotypic screening including metabolic, behavioral, and histological analysis.
In June 2019, academic Stephen Wertheim called President Trump a "xenophobe" and criticised Trump's foreign policy toward China for heightening risks of a new Cold War, which Wertheim wrote "could plunge the United States back into gruesome proxy wars around the world and risk a still deadlier war among the great powers". In August 2019, Yuan Peng of the China Institute of International Studies said that the 2008 financial crisis "initiated a shift in the global order". Yuan predicted the possibility of the new cold war between both countries and their global power competition turning "from 'superpower vs. major power' to 'No. 1 vs. No. 2'". On the other hand, scholar Zhu Feng said that their "strategic competition" would not lead to the new Cold War. Zhu said that the US–China relations have progressed positively and remained "stable", despite disputes in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait and US president Trump's aggressive approaches toward China. In January 2020, columnist and historian Niall Ferguson opined that China is one of the major players of this Cold War, whose powers are "economic rather than military", and that Russia's role is "quite small". Ferguson wrote: "[C]ompared with the 1950s, the roles have been reversed. China is now the giant, Russia the mean little sidekick. China under Xi remains strikingly faithful to the doctrine of Marx and Lenin.
Renee and her son Sekou walk Jasmine down the aisle at her wedding with Crosby. Renee lives with Crosby, Jasmine, and Jabbar briefly when she loses her job, but moves out after a disagreement on how they discipline Jabbar. Renee insists that baby Aida should be baptized, and holds a baptism brunch at her place. She gets along well with Camille, and at the pre-baptism dinner at Zeek and Camille's house, says she always enjoys dinners that Camille holds. Gordon Flint (William Baldwin) was Adam's boss until he sold the company. When Sarah became an intern at Adam's company, she and Gordon became romantically involved, which caused friction between Adam and Sarah. Gordon is invited by Sarah to the Braverman Thanksgiving dinner, but that morning, when telling Adam he sold the company, Adam asks him not to come to the dinner. Gordon comes anyway, and at the football game that afternoon, tensions between Adam and Gordon come to a head. Mike (Kevin Alejandro), aka "Forklift Mike", drives a forklift at T&S Footwear. Mike recommends a band for Sarah to take Amber and Kelsey to see, at a club where Mike knows the man at the door. Alex (Michael B. Jordan) is Haddie's on again, off again boyfriend, whom she met while she volunteering at the food bank he currently manages. He is a recovering alcoholic and three years older than Haddie, so Haddie's parents initially disapprove of the relationship. Cory Smith (Anthony Carrigan) is Adam's new boss when Gordon sells the company. His youth and radical approach to business are disconcerting to Adam.
All-cause mortality is higher above 64 mmol/mol (8.0 DCCT%) HbA1c as well as below 42 mmol/mol (6.0 DCCT %) in diabetic patients, and above 42 mmol/mol (6.0 DCCT %) as well as below 31 mmol/mol (5.0 DCCT %) in non-diabetic persons, indicating the risks of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, respectively. Similar risk results are seen for cardiovascular disease. The 2022 ADA guidelines reaffirmed the recommendation that HbA1c should be maintained below 7.0% for most patients. Higher target values are appropriate for children and adolescents, patients with extensive co-morbid illness and those with a history of severe hypoglycemia. More stringent targets (<6.0%) are preferred for pregnant patients if this can be achieved without significant hypoglycemia.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The above discussion is based on the ideal vapour-compression refrigeration cycle, and does not take into account real-world effects like frictional pressure drop in the system, slight thermodynamic irreversibility during the compression of the refrigerant vapor, or non-ideal gas behavior, if any. Vapor compression refrigerators can be arranged in two stages in cascade refrigeration systems, with the second stage cooling the condenser of the first stage. This can be used for achieving very low temperatures. More information about the design and performance of vapor-compression refrigeration systems is available in the classic Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook.
The pharmaceutical company Rexar reformulated their weight loss drug Obetrol following its mandatory withdrawal from the market in 1973, under the Kefauver Harris Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act due to the results of the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) program (which indicated a lack of efficacy). The new formulation simply replaced the two methamphetamine components with dextroamphetamine and amphetamine components of the same weight (the other two original dextroamphetamine and amphetamine components were preserved), preserved the Obetrol branding, and despite it lacking FDA approval, it still made it onto the market and was marketed and sold by Rexar for many years. In 1994, Richwood Pharmaceuticals acquired Rexar and began promoting Obetrol as a treatment for ADHD (and later narcolepsy as well), now marketed under the brand name of Adderall, a contraction of the phrase "A.D.D. for All" intended to convey that "it was meant to be kind of an inclusive thing" for marketing purposes. The FDA cited the company for numerous significant CGMP violations related to Obetrol discovered during routine inspections following the acquisition (including issuing a formal warning letter for the violations), then later issued a second formal warning letter to Richwood Pharmaceuticals specifically due to violations of "the new drug and misbranding provisions of the FD&C Act".
=== Mechanism of action === Thrombin is an enzyme that splits fibrinogen into fibrin monomers in 10 to 60 seconds, which aggregate to form a three-dimensional gel-like structure. Thrombin also activates factor XIII from the human body to factor XIIIa, which then cross-links the fibrin monomers to form a stable clot. Both these processes need calcium to work. As the wound heals, the clot is slowly degraded by the enzyme plasmin.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 has not been approved as a therapeutic drug in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Human safety and efficacy data are very limited. Its presence in consumer products does not imply regulatory approval.
The World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance because it can alter gene expression and metabolic pathways relevant to performance. The ban applies at all times, not only during competition. Detection relies on laboratory methods such as mass spectrometry.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is a common approach. It can detect the parent compound and its metabolites in biological matrices.