REV-ERB agonist raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-01-20. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Acute inhibition of the lateral habenula, a part of the brain responsible for inhibiting the mesolimbic reward pathway and referred to as the "anti-reward center", is another possible mechanism for ketamine's antidepressant effects. Possible biochemical mechanisms of ketamine's antidepressant action include direct action on the NMDA receptor and downstream effects on regulators such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mTOR. It is not clear whether ketamine alone is sufficient for antidepressant action or its metabolites are also important; the active metabolite of ketamine, hydroxynorketamine, which does not significantly interact with the NMDA receptor but nonetheless indirectly activates AMPA receptors, may also or alternatively be involved in the rapid-onset antidepressant effects of ketamine. As an NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine triggers a paradoxical acute burst of glutamate by selectively blocking inhibitory GABAergic neurons. This surge activates AMPA receptors, which modulate downstream signaling pathways in the limbic system to produce rapid antidepressant effects. Such downstream actions of the activation of AMPA receptors include upregulation of BDNF and activation of its signaling receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, deactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), and inhibition of the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase.
=== Evolution === For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes—a classification of life forms that includes single-cell species, fungi, plants, and animals, but not bacteria, characterized by cells with a membrane-bound nucleus—have been able to synthesize 7-dehydrocholesterol. When this molecule is exposed to UVB light from the sun it absorbs the energy in the process of being converted to vitamin D. The function was to prevent DNA damage, the converted molecule being an end product without vitamin function. Present day, phytoplankton in the ocean photosynthesize vitamin D without any calcium management function, as do some species of algae, lichen, fungi, and plants. Only circa 500 million years ago, when animals began to leave the oceans for land, did the UV-converted molecule take on a hormone function as a promoter of calcium regulation. This function required the development of a nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) that binds the biologically active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin (D3), plasma transport proteins, and vitamin D metabolizing CYP450 enzymes regulated by calciotropic hormones. The triumvirate of receptor protein, transport and metabolizing enzymes are found only in vertebrates. The initial vitamin function evolved for control of metabolic genes supporting innate and adaptive immunity. Only later did the VDR system start to act as an important regulator of calcium supply for a calcified skeleton in land-based vertebrates.
Amputation is the removal of a limb or other body part by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, judicial amputation is currently used to punish people who commit crimes. Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment. When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator. The oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in Liang Tebo cave, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo dating back to at least 31,000 years ago, where it was done when the amputee was a young child. A prosthesis or a bioelectric replantation may restore sensation of the amputated limb.
=== Radio-frequency identification and smart labels === Radio-frequency identification tags use radio waves to identify and track products, packages, pallets, and unit loads. Passive tags receive power from a reader, while active tags contain their own power source. RFID tags may be combined with temperature, humidity, shock, or other sensors. They can support inventory control, authentication, cold-chain monitoring, and supply-chain traceability. Near-field communication tags allow compatible smartphones and other devices to retrieve product information or interact with digital services.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
===== MeSH D08.811.682.608 – nadh, nadph oxidoreductases ===== MeSH D08.811.682.608.047 – apoptosis inducing factor MeSH D08.811.682.608.191 – cytochrome reductases MeSH D08.811.682.608.191.237 – cytochrome-b(5) reductase MeSH D08.811.682.608.191.500 – nadph-ferrihemoprotein reductase MeSH D08.811.682.608.504 – electron transport complex i MeSH D08.811.682.608.504.500 – nadh dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.608.530 – nadh tetrazolium reductase MeSH D08.811.682.608.540 – nadp transhydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.608.550 – nadph dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.608.575 – nadph oxidase MeSH D08.811.682.608.800 – quinone reductases MeSH D08.811.682.608.800.500 – nad(p)h dehydrogenase (quinone) MeSH D08.811.682.608.800.500.500 – zeta-crystallins
=== Sadie Sackey === Sadie Sackey (Naana Agyei-Ampadu) is Gus' older sister, who works as a doctor for the National Health Service. Gus is closer to her than the rest of his overbearing family, but she too admonishes him to leave his low-paying but emotionally fulfilling job at Aurore Adekunle's public office in favor of something more lucrative and high-profile.
Nuevas Ideas retained its Legislative Assembly supermajority and, with its allies, won 43 of the country's 44 municipalities. Several news outlets described the election results as a "landslide victory" for Bukele and Nuevas Ideas, and Bukele described his victory as "the record in the entire democratic history of the world". The TSE granted Bukele his presidential credentials on 29 February and his second term began on 1 June. In a 2024 interview with Time, Bukele declined to run for a third term in the next presidential election. In July 2025, the Legislative Assembly passed several constitutional amendments, among them, the abolition of presidential term limits that made Bukele eligible to run for re-election indefinitely. Additionally, the legislature voted to move the date of the next presidential election from 2029 to 2027, reducing the length of Bukele's second term by two years. In December 2025, Bukele told YouTuber TheGrefg that "if it were up to me, I would stay for 10 more years". On 28 June 2026, Bukele registered as a pre-candidate with Nuevas Ideas, seeking a third presidential term; on 12 July, the party formally nominated him as its presidential candidate.
In the morning of 8 October, Hezbollah fired rockets and shells at the Shebaa Farms region in support of Hamas's attack onto Israel; in response, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) fired artillery shells and a drone into southern Lebanon. Two Lebanese children were reportedly injured by broken glass. The next day, Israel exchanged a series of airstrikes on southern Lebanon near the towns of Marwahin, Ayta ash Shab and Dhayra in the Bint Jbeil district. This was after numerous Palestinian militants infiltrated the Israeli border, which Hezbollah denied involvement with. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad militia claimed responsibility for the armed infiltration. The IDF killed at least two perpetrators (likely Palestinians), while a third returned to Lebanon. A Hezbollah media source announced three of Hezbollah's members died in the IDF retaliation. Hezbollah fired rockets and artillery in retaliation. During the clashes, two Israeli soldiers and Lt. Col Alim Abdallah, Deputy Commander of the IDF's 300th Brigade, were killed and another three were wounded. On 11 October, Hezbollah fired anti-tank missiles at an IDF position and claimed to have produced casualties. In response, the IDF shelled the area where the attack was launched. The Lebanese-Italian hospital in Tyre admitted three injured civilians. The IDF ordered residents of northern Israel to seek shelter following reports of drones being launched from southern Lebanon. A Patriot missile was launched to intercept a suspicious projectile, after which the IDF found that the object in question was not a drone.
In the West, the glass is normally a borosilicate glass (similar to Pyrex), while in the former Soviet Union it is normal to use a phosphate glass. The amount of fission products in the glass must be limited because some (palladium, the other Pt group metals, and tellurium) tend to form metallic phases which separate from the glass. Bulk vitrification uses electrodes to melt soil and wastes, which are then buried underground. In Germany, a vitrification plant is treating the waste from a small demonstration reprocessing plant which has since been closed.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Function == NPR1 is a membrane-bound guanylate cyclase that serves as the receptor for both atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP, respectively). It is localized in the kidney where it results in natriuresis upon binding to natriuretic peptides. However, it is found in even greater quantity in the lungs and adipocytes.
The statue's iconography is frequently compared to that of the carmen saeculare by Horace, and commemorates Augustus's establishment of the Pax Romana. The breastplate is carved in relief with numerous small figures depicting the return, thanks to the diplomacy of Augustus, of the Roman legionary eagles or aquilae lost to Parthia by Mark Antony in the 40s BC and by Crassus in 53 BC. The figure in the centre, according to the most common interpretation, is the subjected Parthian king (Phraates IV) returning Crassus's standard to an armored Roman (possibly Tiberius, or symbolically Mars Ultor or the incarnation of the ideal legionary). Another theory sees in the male figure the ideal incarnation of the Roman legions. This was a very popular subject in Augustan propaganda, as one of his greatest international successes, and had to be especially strongly emphasized, since Augustus had been deterred by Parthian military strength from the war which the Roman people had expected and had instead opted for diplomacy. Below the armed figure we can see a dog, or probably a wolf or, according to archaeologist Ascanio Modena Altieri, a she-wolf, nurse of Romulus and Remus. To the left and right sit mourning female figures; the figure on the one side with a sheathed sword personifies the peoples in the East (and possibly the Teutons) forced to pay tribute to Rome, and the one on the other side with an unsheathed sword personifies the subjected peoples (the Celts). From the top, clockwise, we see:
On the contrary, contrast, drugs that inhibit both MRP3/4 and BSEP (e.g., rifampicin, troglitazone, bosentan) pose greater risk for cholestasis MDR3 is another key canalicular efflux transporter that is the target of inhibition by certain drugs. MDR3 secretes phosphatidylcholine into bile canaliculi, where it form micelles with bile salts to dissolve cholesterol as well as protect hepatocyte and cholangiocytes from damage by bile salts. MDR3 inhibition leads to low phospholipid concentrations in bile that damages cholangiocytes and leads to cholestasis. Antifungal azoles such itraconazole have been shown to inhibit both MDR3 and BSEP, thus giving them higher cholestatic potential. Other MDR3-inhibiting drugs are chlorpromazine, imipramine, haloperidol, ketoconazole, saquinavir, clotrimazole, ritonavir, and troglitazone. Another target for inhibition, MRP2 is an apical efflux transporter that mainly exports bilirubin glucuronide and glutathione into bile. However, MRP2 is also the preferential route of export for certain sulfated conjugated BAs (taurolithocholic acid and glycolithocholic acid), so its inhibition could contribute to cholestasis. On the hepatocyte basolateral membrane, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting peptide (NTCP) is the major transporter of conjugated bile acids. Enterohepatic bile flow requires the concerted activity of both NTCP and BSEP, which form the major route by which BAs enter and exit hepatocytes respectively.
Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-maintained examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are distinguished by bright colors and particularly clean façades. There are also a few examples of Soviet avant-garde work, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for allegedly disrespecting historical authenticity. In addition, facadism is widely practiced. Later examples of Soviet architecture are usually distinguished by large size and semi-Modernist styles. An example is the Novy Arbat project—informally called the "false teeth of Moscow"—and known for widespread disruption of the project's historic area in central Moscow.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that acts on REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not approved for human use and is sold only as a research chemical. Its effects have been studied mainly in cells and rodents.